MECANISMO DA AROMATASE |
Por exemplo, a prevalência de hipotireoidismo pode ser de até cerca de 10% da população em geral. Como os distúrbios da tireóide podem não apresentar sinais clínicos clássicos, é essencial ter exames laboratoriais precisos da função da tireóide para ajudar no diagnóstico.
INTERACTION OF GH, THYROID HORMONE AND ANDROGENIC STEROIDS ON LINEAR GROWTH;DR.CAIO JR./DRA.CAIO.
RESEARCH INDICATES THAT ESTROGEN MAY BE THE MAIN STIMULATING HORMONE THE OUTBREAK OF GROWTH IN PUBERTAL BOYS LIKE GIRLS IN ; PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY-NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, DR. JOÃO SANTOS CAIO JR. ET DRA. HENRIQUETA V. CAIO.
The linear bone growth in children and adolescents comprises a complex interaction of hormones and growth factors. Growth hormone (GH) is considered to be the key regulator of linear growth hormone during childhood. The speed increase associated with the pubertal growth GH has traditionally been attributed to testicular androgen secretion in males and estrogens or adrenal androgen secretion in girls. The survey data indicate that estrogen may be the principal hormone stimulating the pubertal growth spurt in boys as in girls. Such action is mediated by estrogen receptors (ER- a and ER- b ) in the human growth plate, and polymorphisms in the ER gene may influence adult height in healthy individuals. Concentrations of prepubertal estradiol are significantly higher in girls than in boys, explaining sex-related differences in pubertal onset. Men with a disruptive mutation (Disruptive selection is a kind of natural selection that favors individuals on both extremes of the normal distribution. When this process operates, individuals at the extremes of the distribution (to a lesser extent) tend to produce more offspring than those in the distribution center. Over the generations, the frequency of individuals selected with extreme characteristics increases, whereas individuals with intermediate characteristics tend to decrease, causing speciation) ER (estrogen resistance) gene or the gene CYP19 (aromatase) that have no spurt and continues to grow to adulthood, due to lack of epiphyseal fusion.
Furthermore, the phenotypic females with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome have a normal female growth spurt despite lack of androgen action. Estrogens can also influence the linear bone growth indirectly by modulating the GH-insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF -I) axis. Thus, ER decreases the endogenous GH secretion, decreases androgen receptor (AR) and increases GH secretion in peripubertal children, and not aromatizable androgen [oxandrolone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT)] have no effect on GH secretion. The treatment with aromatase inhibitors reduce the circulating concentrations of IGF-I in healthy children and reduce the growth in boys with testotoxicosis. Taken together, these binding proteins (IGFBPs) have suggested that estrogens may in addition to their direct effects, stimulating the GH secretion and thus increase IGF -I in circulation, which in turn can stimulate growth. Thus, estrogens have important biphasic actions on longitudinal growth in boys as in girls. Very low levels of estrogens can stimulate bone growth without directly affecting sexual maturity in the growth plate as well as through stimulation of the GH-IGF axis, which in turn can stimulate growth. Conversely, higher levels of estrogens stimulate the development of secondary sexual characteristics and epiphyseal fusion. The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are essential for linear growth, development and normal metabolic function. The altered thyroid function is common. For example, the prevalence of hypothyroidism can be up to about 10% of the general population.
HIPERTIREOIDISMO |
Dr. João Santos Caio Jr.
Endocrinologia-Neuroendocrinologista
CRM 20611
Dra. Henriqueta V. Caio
Endocrinologista – Medicina Interna
CRM 28930
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AUTORIZADO O USO DOS DIREITOS AUTORAIS COM CITAÇÃO
DOS AUTORES PROSPECTIVOS ET REFERÊNCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA.
Referências Bibliográficas:
Caio Jr, João Santos, Dr.; Endocrinologista, Neuroendocrinologista, Caio,H.V., Dra. Endocrinologista, Medicina Interna – Van Der Häägen Brazil, São Paulo, Brasil; Tanner JM, Healy MJR, Lockart RD, et al. Aberdeen growth study: I. The prediction of adult body measurement from measurements taken each year from birth to five years. Arch Dis Child 1956;31:372; Tanner JM. Fetus Into Man: Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989; Sinclair D. Human Growth After Birth. London: Oxford University Press, 1978:1; Smith DW. Growth and Its Disorders. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 1977; Tanner JM. Auxology. In: Kappy MS, Blizzard RM, Migeon CJ (eds). The Diagnosis and Treatment of Endocrine Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence, 4th edition. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1994:137; Roemmich JN, Blizzard RM, Peddada SD, et al. Longitudinal assessment of hormonal and physical alterations during normal puberty in boys. IV: Predictions of adult height by the Bayley-Pinneau, Roche-Wainer-Thissen, and Tanner-White-house methods compared. Am J Human Biol 1997;9:371; Tanner JM, Oshman D, Bahhage F, Healy M. Tanner-White-house bone age reference values for North American children. J Pediatr 1997;131:34; Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, et al. Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: A study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network. Pediatrics 1999;99:505; Epstein LH, Wing RR, Valaski A. Childhood obesity. Pediatr Clin North Am 1985;32:363; Forbes GB. Influence of nutrition. In: Forbes GB (ed). Human Body Composition. Growth, Aging, Nutrition and Activity. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987:209.
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